South Georgia is 167.4 kilometres (104 mi) long and 1.4 to 37 km (0.9 to 23.0 miles) wide and is by far the largest island in the territory. The recapture of South Georgia, even more remote than the Falkland Islands, and in foul weather conditions proved a major boost to British ambitions in the Falklands War, and a blow to those of Argentina. Its snow covered peaks, blue glacier ice and emerald green bays are breathtaking sights. etymology: South Georgia was named "the Isle of Georgia" in 1775 by Captain James COOK in honor of British King GEORGE III; the explorer also discovered the Sandwich Islands Group that year, which he named "Sandwich Land" after John MONTAGU, the Earl of Sandwich and First Lord of the Admiralty; the word "South" was later added to distinguish these islands from the other Sandwich Islands… Today the Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands and the Government of the British Antarctic Territory are celebrating the inaugural Polar Pride Day. However, Argentina continues to claim South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. (1705/19). Due to these conditions, human activity in the islands has largely consisted of sealing, whaling, and scientific surveys and research, interrupted by World War II and the Falklands War. [19] On 30 June 2008, an earthquake of magnitude 7.0 struck the region. Mount Carse, the island's third highest peak is named for him. These early visits resulted in no sovereignty claims. In 1993 Britain extended the territory’s exclusive fishing zone from 12 to 200 nautical miles (22 to 370 km). This website uses cookies to improve your experience. From 1906 on the Argentine company was operating in compliance with its whaling and sealing leases granted by the Falklands Governor. South Georgia became the world's largest whaling centre, with shore bases at Grytviken (operating 1904–64), Leith Harbour (1909–65), Ocean Harbour (1909–20), Husvik (1910–60), Stromness (1912–61) and Prince Olav Harbour (1917–34). South Georgia's coast and waters have been surveyed by a number of expeditions since those of Cook and Bellingshausen. Public Holidays 2014. As the manager of Compañía Argentina de Pesca, Larsen organised the construction of Grytviken ― a remarkable undertaking accomplished by a team of 60 Norwegians since their arrival on 16 November until the newly built whale oil factory commenced production on 24 December 1904. The land has a total area of 3,903 km². GSGSSI has created one of the world’s largest, sustainably managed Marine Protected Area that encompasses the entire SGSSI. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands From 1 July Georgia’s land and air borders, as well as international tourism should gradually re-open in line with the principle of safe corridorsopen and there will be a gradual resumption of flights and international tourism on the principles of safe corridors. Following a second such diplomatic démarche by the Norwegian Government dated 4 March 1907, Britain replied that the areas were British based on discoveries made in the first half of the 19th century, and issued the 1908 Letters Patent incorporating the British Falkland Islands Dependencies with a permanent local administration in Grytviken established in 1909. The islands are an overseas territory of the United Kingdom that are administered from the Falkland Islands. There are some 200 graves on the island dating from 1820 onwards, including that of the famous Antarctic explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton (died 1922) whose British Antarctic Expedition (1908–09) established the route to the South Pole subsequently followed by Robert Scott. Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands. Its snow covered peaks, blue glacier ice and emerald green bays are … Isle of Georgia with Clerke’s Isles and Pickersgill’s Isle. The island group consists of about 40 islands. More efficient regulation and management were practised in the second sealing epoch, 1909–64. Warning Level 3, Avoid Nonessential Travel. 362–365. Public Holidays 2013. The base was eventually removed on 20 June 1982 and the installations demolished in December. [12] The first census conducted by the British Stipendiary Magistrate James Wilson on 31 December 1909 recorded a total population of 720, including 3 females and 1 child. This area is approximately 98% of the area of Rhode Island. The first official announcement of an Argentine claim of South Georgia was made in 1927 at the International Postal Bureau in Bern. The archipelago of the South Sandwich Islands comprises Candlemas, Vindication, Saunders, Montagu, Bristol, Bellingshausen, Cook and Thule discovered by Cook, and the Traversay Islands (Zavodovski, Leskov and Visokoi) discovered by the Imperial Russian Navy expedition of Bellingshausen and Lazarev in the ships Vostok and Mirny in 1819. Its epicentre was at 283 km (176 mi) east-northeast (73 degrees) of Bristol Island.[20]. GSGSSI would like to congratulate Tristan da Cunha on the establishment of their new Marine Protection Zone. Due to its remote location and harsh climate, South Georgia had no indigenous population when first discovered. The Argentine forces sustained three men killed and a number of wounded, with one wounded on the British side. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are encompassed by one of the world’s largest Marine Protected Areas. SGSSI Strategy outlining key objectives and responsibilities. That continued until Grytviken was sold to Albion Star (South Georgia) Ltd. in 1960, closed in 1964, and eventually purchased by Christian Salvesen Ltd. Carl Anton Larsen, the founder of Grytviken was a naturalised Briton born in Sandefjord, Norway. Amongst these is the world’s only sub-Antarctic songbird, the endemic South Georgia pipit. [6] The first fur seals from the island were taken in 1786 by the English sealing vessel Lord Hawkesbury, while the first commercial visit to the South Sandwich Islands was made in 1816 by another English ship, the Ann. The Japanese companies Kokusai Gyogyo Kabushike Kaisha and Nippon Suisan Kaisha sub-leased respectively Grytviken in 1963–64 and Leith Harbour in 1963–65, the last seasons of South Georgia whaling. There will also be the chance to see more of the incredible footage and images gathered during the flight. This soon came to the attention of the sealing industry and so started what was to become a bloody period in the history of South Georgia, but also the driving force for much of the early exploration of Antarctica. Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas, Obra dirigida por Carlos Escudé y Andrés Cisneros, desarrollada y publicada bajo los auspicios del Consejo Argentino para las Relaciones Internacionales (CARI), GEL/Nuevohacer (Buenos Aires), 2000. The first land-based scientific expedition on South Georgia was the 1882–83 German Polar Year expedition at Moltke Harbour, Royal Bay. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. According to the Papal Bull Inter caetera, issued by Pope Alexander VI on 4 May 1493, the dividing line between the crowns of Spain and Portugal had found the longitude 36 º 8'O, cutting South Georgia (according to other sources in longitude 35 º W). The main settlement is Grytviken. La Roché published a report of his voyage in London in 1678 in which he described the new land. This region is located to the east of the southern tip of South America and north of Antarctica. The terrain of the islands is rugged and mountainous, at times being barren.South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are part of the British overseas territories. During the whaling era, the population usually varied from over 1000 in the summer (over 2000 in some years) to some 200 in the winter. The Letters Patent listed these possessions as "the groups of islands known as South Georgia, the South Orkneys, the South Shetlands, and the Sandwich Islands, and the territory known as Graham's Land, situated in the South Atlantic Ocean to the south of the 50th parallel of south latitude, and lying between the 20th and the 80th degrees of west longitude". While the island has been inhabited during the last two centuries, with some settlers residing for decades there and children being born and raised, no families have become established for more than one generation so far. South Georgia Island is a sub-Antarctic island administered by the United Kingdom as part of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The two-hour battle resulted in the Guerrico being damaged and an Argentine helicopter shot down. Arrangements to legitimise the station were discussed in 1978 but failed. The sealers pursued their trade in a most unsustainable manner, promptly reducing the fur seal population to near extermination. 2008 February 10: South Sandwich Islands region. A few decades ago, the only settlements in the island were those of seal and whale hunters. The Argentine naval station Corbeta Uruguay was clandestinely built on Thule Island, in the South Sandwich Islands on 7 November 1976 and was subject to a number of official British protests, the first of them on 19 January 1977. King Edward Point is the port of entry, and residence of the British Magistrate and harbour, customs, immigration, fisheries, and postal authorities; it is commonly referred to as 'Grytviken' in association with the derelict whaling station situated just 800 m away. In 1756, the island was sighted and named 'San Pedro' by the Spanish vessel León under Captain Gregorio Jerez sailing in the service of the French company Sieur Duclos of Saint-Malo, with the merchant and mariner Nicolas Pierre Duclos-Guyot on board. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are two geographically distinct groups of islands in the Atlantic Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean, situated between 26 and 43 degrees west longitude and 53 and 60 degrees south latitude, and at least 1,243 miles (2,000 km) from the closest continental shores of South America. Nowadays the date of 17 January is celebrated as Possession Day, a public holiday in SGSSI.[5]. L'Isle, Guillaume de & Henry A. Chatelain. Probably discovered in 1762 by the Spanish ship Aurora, these rocks appeared on early maps as Aurora Islands, were visited and renamed by the American sealer James Sheffield in the Hersilia in 1819, and mapped by HMS Dartmouth in 1920. If you travel, take the following steps to protect yourself and others from COVID-19: Stay at least 6 feet/2 meters (about 2 arm lengths) from … To mark the day photos and stories are being shared on social media using the hashtag #PolarPride.  At King Edward Point and Bird Island all station personnel have got involved with celebrating this important day. South Georgia was governed by Britain as a Falkland Islands Dependency, a distinct entity administered through the Falkland Islands but not part of them in political or financial respect. The word "South" was later added to distinguish them from the "Sandwich Islands", now known as "Hawaii". South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands became a British overseas territory in 1985. Find out how to set foot upon the shores of one of the most beautiful islands on the planet. Since then, Argentina has maintained her claims of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands but repeatedly (in 1947, 1951, 1953, 1954 and 1955) refused to have them resolved by the International Court of Justice or by an independent arbitral tribunal. Argentina also recognised de facto the British permanent local administration set up in 1909, with commercial and naval Argentine vessels that visited the island in the subsequent years duly complying with normal harbour, customs, immigration and other procedures. They extend for 190 miles (305 km), occupy 120 square miles (310 square km), and are covered with glaciers. Due to these conditions, human activity in the islands has largely consisted of sealing, whaling, and scientific surveys and research, interrupted by World War IIa… See also: United Kingdom, Falkland Islands At an early stage of the Falklands Conflict, 32 special forces troops from Corbeta Uruguay were brought by the Argentine Navy ship Bahía Paraíso to South Georgia and landed at Leith Harbour on 25 March 1982. The losses suffered at Grytviken prevented Argentina from occupying the rest of the island, with Bird Island base, and field camps at Schlieper Bay, Lyell Glacier and St. Andrews Bay remaining under British control. Joined by the corvette ARA Guerrico, on 3 April the Bahía Paraiso attacked the platoon of 22 Royal Marines deployed at Grytviken. Wikidata: Q35086 Read more. The group of Shag Rocks and Black Rock forming the west extremity of the British overseas territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is situated 270 km or 150 nmi west by north of the South Georgian mainland. South Georgia is part of “South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands,” which is a British Overseas Territory and overseas territory of the European Union. Following a 1900 advertisement by the Falklands Government the entire island was leased to a Punta Arenas company, and a subsequent conflict of interests with the Compañía Argentina de Pesca which had started whaling at Grytviken since December 1904 was settled by the British authorities with the company applying for and being granted British whaling lease. Until 1985 The South Sandwich Islands lie about 520 kilometres southeast of South Georgia. El hito austral del confín de América. Although the British discovered the presence of the Argentine base in 1976, protested and tried to resolve the issue by diplomatic means, no effort was made to remove them by force until after the Falklands War. South Georgia og South Sandwich Islands spansk: Georgias del Sur y Sandwich del Sur) er to britiske oversøiske territorier, som Argentina gør krav på. The government in the Islands is a dependen… South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands is a haven for wildlife. German naturalist Georg Forster, who accompanied Cook during their landings in three separate places at Possession Bay on that day, wrote: "Here Captain Cook displayed the British flag, and performed the ceremony of taking possession of those barren rocks, in the name of his Britannic Majesty, and his heirs forever. The Argentine garrison in Grytviken under Lieut.-Commander Luis Lagos surrendered without returning the fire, and so did on the following day the detachment in Leith Harbour commanded by Captain Alfredo Astiz. The uninhabited South Sandwich Islands are even less hospitable than the main island of South Georgia, affected by volcanic activity as well. If you get sick in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, you might need medical care. It is a real “oasis” in the stormy southern oceans and is home to amazing wildlife like penguins, albatrosses, seals, whales and petrels. Among them was Fridthjof Jacobsen whose wife Klara Olette Jacobsen gave birth to two of their children in Grytviken; their daughter Solveig Gunbjörg Jacobsen was the first child ever born in Antarctica, on 8 October 1913. Larsen also established a meteorological observatory at Grytviken, which from 1905 was maintained in cooperation with the Argentine Meteorological Office under the British lease requirements of the whaling station until these changed in 1949. On 25 April 1982 the Royal Navy damaged and captured the Argentine submarine Santa Fe at South Georgia. [7][8], Britain's 1908 Letters Patent established constitutional arrangements for its possessions in the South Atlantic, including the formal annexation of the South Sandwich Islands. In April 1675, the vessel found refuge in a bay of an unknown island where it anchored for 14 days. Status of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. [2146435] Climate is the statistics of weather, usually over a 30-year interval. Most of the whalers were Norwegian, with an increasing proportion of Britons. South Georgia remains free from COVID-19. Prior to 1985, the area had been administered as a dependency of the Falkland Islands. Roché Island is almost certainly South Georgia, despite the discrepancies in the coordinates given, which can be accounted for by the navigational difficulties experienced by all sailors at the time. Overview. This day demonstrates a commitment to support and enhance Diversity in Polar Science. On behalf of the Compañía Argentina de Pesca, the application was filed with the British Legation in Buenos Aires by the company's president Pedro Christophersen and Captain Guillermo Nuñez, a technical advisor and shareholder in the company who was also Director of Armaments of the Argentine Navy. They are home to about five million seals of four different species, and 65 million breeding birds of 30 different species. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Islas Georgias del Sur y Sandwich del Sur in Spanish), is a British overseas territory located in the south of Atlantic Ocean. There is no visitor accommodation ashore, therefore most people visit by cruise ship or yacht. Several more children were born on South Georgia, even recently aboard visiting private yachts. The South Sandwich Islands in the South Georgia group of islands is made up of 9 uninhabited smaller islands. It was first sighted by Captain Cook in 1775, who named it after King George III. In particular ― unlike the case of the Falkland Islands ― Spain never claimed South Georgia. From 1881 on, Britain regulated the economic activities and conservation by administrative acts such as the Sealing Ordinances of 1881 and 1899. The first corridor has been … The Ross Dependency. (Primera parte), Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&oldid=988977499, History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Articles lacking in-text citations from June 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. His family in Grytviken included his wife, three daughters and two sons. The first definitive Argentine claim of sovereignty over the South Sandwich Islands was made in 1938, when the President of Argentina ratified the 1934 Cairo Postal Convention. The United Kingdom formally annexed the South Sandwich Islands through the 1908 Letters Patent, grouping them with other British-held territory in Antarctica as the Falkland Islands Dependencies. Visit permit applications for both commercial and private vessels are submitted by the vessel owners or operators. On that occasion, the name Grytviken ('Pot Cove') was given by the Swedish archaeologist and geologist Johan Gunnar Andersson who surveyed part of Thatcher Peninsula and found numerous artefacts and features from sealers' habitation and industry, including a shallop and several try-pots used to boil seal oil. South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands are only accessible by sea. For several months in 1961, Carse experimented on living alone at a remote location, Ducloz Head on the southwest coast of the island. Since the Falklands War, Britain maintained a small garrison of Royal Engineers on South Georgia until March 2001,[citation needed] when the island reverted to civilian rule. The South Georgia Geographic Information System enables access to spatially explicit information about the environmental landscape. (Siglos XVI-XVII-XVIII). with all the Recent Discoveries to the Present Time. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI) used to be a dependency of the Falkland Islands, but since 1985, under the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order, was formed as a separate British Overseas Territory, under a Commissioner who is at the same time, Governor of the Falkland Islands. It is made up of the South Georgia Island and nearby islets as well as the South Sandwich Islands Archipelago. South Georgia is 167.4 kilometres long and 1.4 to 37 km wide. The South Sandwich Islands are a chain of smaller islan… The mariner Captain James Cook in HMS Resolution accompanied by HMS Adventure made the first landing, survey and mapping of South Georgia. South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands is a British Overseas Territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The resident British Magistrates (W. Barlas and A.I. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is a British Overseas Territory. A volley of two or three muskets was fired into the air." Today, no one lives in the island except for scientific researchers who have set up their research bases on the island. A magistrate conducting the local British administration has been residing in South Georgia ever since November 1909 (except for 22 days in 1982). Since the 1990s, the islands have become a popular tourist destination, with cruise ships visiting on a fairly regular basis. The history of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is relatively recent. In the process, Shackleton accompanied by Frank Worsley and Tom Crean trekked the island's glaciated and rugged terrain between King Haakon Bay and the Stromness whaling station.[15]. Plan ahead and learn more about Getting Health Care Abroad. El cabo de Hornos. One of the most famous and legendary signals of the entire Falklands War was made by the British forces' commander after the Argentine surrender at Grytviken: Finally, the Argentine personnel were removed from the South Sandwich Islands by HMS Endurance on 20 June 1982. Due to evidence of an unauthorised visit to Thule Island, the closed station Corbeta Uruguay was destroyed in January 1983. Rebecca Honeybone accompanied the RAF on this flight as the representative for GSGSSI and was staggered by its beauty and size and that it seemed to appear out of the clouds from nowhere. In particular, the extensive oceanographic investigations carried out by the Discovery Committee from 1925 to 1951 yielded an enormous amount of scientific results and data, including the discovery of the Antarctic Convergence. 62, No. Be aware of current health issues in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. In subsequent available censuses the population was 1337 (24 April 1921[13]), and 709 (26 April 1931,[14] includes the South Shetland Islands). To protect the territory's unique environment, on 23 February 2012 its government created the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protection Area, one of the world's largest marine reserves, comprising 1.07 million km2.[17][18]. South Sandwich Islands, group of actively volcanic islets in the South Atlantic Ocean, north of the Weddell Sea and 470 miles (760 km) southeast of the island of South Georgia. [1] It was first sighted in 1675 by Antoine de la Roché, an English merchant born in London to a French father. James Cook, F.R.S. All whaling stations on South Georgia operated under whaling leases applied for by each company and granted by the Governor of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies. Captain James Cook arrived here in 1775, in his report, he mentioned the large numbers of elephant and fur seals. A commissioner, who is also the governor of the Falkland Islands, oversees the territory.

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