Bull. (2008). doi: 10.1017/S1366728915000474, Yang, H., Hartanto, A., and Yang, S. (2016a). Etes-vous prêt pour assurer la mention ? Learn. Copyright © 1993 Published by Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/1060-3743(93)90019-Y. CT is similar to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and sometimes the terms are used interchangeably. Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. doi: 10.1017/S1366728912000788, Khare, V., Verma, A., Kar, B., Srinivasan, N., and Brysbaert, M. (2012). Front. Learn. Cognition 150, 213–231. J. Cogn. Thus it is a key variable for investigating bilingual advantage (Mishra, 2014). Xie, Z., and Dong, Y. 77, 728–737. (2016). The complex nature of bilinguals’ language usage modulates task-switching outcomes. Bilingualism as a protection against the onset of symptoms of dementia. Three bilingual groups who differed in L2 proficiency were compared. How specific is the relation between executive function and theory of mind? 21, 8–14. Firstly, the current study focuses on L2 proficiency because our participants are Chinese native speakers and English is their foreign language, so their L1 is homogeneously proficient for daily communication whereas their L2 is in varied degrees (see participants section for details). Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. For example, if the response card is “one green cross” and the implied rule is color, then the correct response would be pressing the designated button corresponding to the stimulus card “two green stars”. Cognitive complexity and attentional control in the bilingual mind. Socio-economic Status (SES) is considered another important factor contributing to cognitive control, especially among children, as the way of family interaction, income, or parental education may affect how children’s cognitive control is developed (Valian, 2014). However, bilingual advantage in attentional switching was significant for Year 4 bilingual students. The balanced switching bilinguals outperformed both other groups whereas the unbalanced group and the balanced non-switching group did not differ. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.02.001, Li, C. S. R., Zhang, S., Duann, J. R., Yan, P., Sinha, R., and Mazure, C. M. (2009). Hear. Participants were required to sort the response card by pressing the designated button corresponding to each stimulus card (DFJK, respectively). Demographic questionnaire, Tests, and cognitive control Tasks were administered for all the participants in the current research. Bialystok (2017) thinks that bilingual advantage may be better explained in “attentional control” framework rather than “inhibitory control” model. 128, 416–430. Cognition 137, 40–46. Language control in bilinguals: the adaptive control hypothesis. Ä°ngilizce Türkçe online sözlük Tureng. Two groups of Hindi-English young adult bilinguals (19.5–22.1) who differed in L2 (English) proficiency were required to complete a target detection task. The result of current study is consistent with some previous studies that did not find bilingual advantage in this aspect (i.e., Paap and Greenberg, 2013; Anton et al., 2014; Gathercole et al., 2014; Paap et al., 2015). Distinct neural correlates for two types of inhibition in bilinguals: response inhibition versus interference suppression. The context and the way they use L2 were homogenous for all participants. Front. Language control in different contexts: the behavioral ecology of bilingual speakers. Psychol. L2 proficiency may contribute to cognitive control in different ways under different circumstances. In Iluz-Cohen and Armon-Lotem (2013), when undergraduate bilinguals were tested on a Stroop task, ex-Gaussian analyses revealed that both L1 and L2 proficiencies were associated with a shift of reaction time distributions in incongruent trials, which suggests that language proficiency modulates performance in the Stroop task. Verbal and nonverbal cognitive control in bilinguals and interpreters. 3:115. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00115, Gathercole, V. C., Thomas, E. M., Kennedy, I., Prys, C., Young, N., Vinas Guasch, N., et al. The task would terminate when all 128 trials were finished (with an optional break in the middle). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a non-search task. Participants with higher L2 proficiency generally performed faster on the Flanker task, which involves conflict monitoring of the cognitive control. The lowest L2 group got 44.25% of the total score, the middle L2 group got 56.88% of the total score, and the highest L2 group got 69.85% of the total score. The effect of lifelong bilingualism on regional grey and white matter volume. In the WCST, completed categories, overall errors and types of errors were analyzed, respectively. Sometimes L2 proficiency is associated with monitoring or switching, but sometimes with inhibition or working memory capacity. The implications of cognitive models in L1 and L2 writing. 0 Pages: 17 year: 2019/2020. Psychol. Other studies also showed a monitoring advantage for bilinguals who had specific bilingual language use experience. Does language dominance affect cognitive performance in bilinguals? Luk, G., Anderson, J. The influence of language-switching experience on the bilingual executive control advantage. cognitive bilişsel cognitive science bilişsel bilim cognitive ne demek. Cogn. In each trial, a fixation of “+” was presented for 250 ms. After that, one of the three conditions of stimulus would appear randomly for 2000 ms. A new trial would appear if participants pushed the button or 2000 ms expired. 16, 143–149. 0 … Bilingualism 19, 181–190. Cognition 113, 135–149. Thirdly, Chinese-English bilinguals differed from immigrant bilinguals who live in English speaking countries or more English friendly environment (as in Canada, United States, India, some African countries and others) in that they learnt and spoke English mostly inside their classrooms as they considered English as a foreign language. In Vega-Mendoza et al. A large body of research suggests that bilinguals demonstrate an advantage in performing cognitive control tasks compared to monolinguals (Bialystok et al., 2009; Vega-Mendoza et al., 2015; Bialystok, 2016). ANOVA analyses of the Flanker results showed no differences in inhibition across all groups and no interaction between group and condition. Evidence from children. Copyright © 2018 Xie. Language experience changes language and cognitive ability. doi: 10.1177/0963721411429458, Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., and Wager, T. D. (2000). This advantage presumably originates from the experience of using two languages. Some studies suggest that women are generally superior to men in performing cognitive control task, and that men and women have different neural activations during task performance (i.e., Koch et al., 2007; Li et al., 2009). claude bonnet université louis pasteur (strasbourg 1) faculté de psychologie et des sciences de Paap et al. When language proficiency improves, will cognitive control change too? J. Exp. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.009, Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Green, D. W., and Gollan, T. H. (2009). The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. Un cours qui reprend les différents courants de cette psychologie comment on en est arrivée à la psychologie cognitive : les différentes étapes. Soc. In addition, most previous studies investigated cognitive differences between bilinguals and monolinguals. Effect of bilingualism and computer video game experience on the Simon task. doi: 10.1007/s00426-012-0466-4, Koch, K., Pauly, K., Kellermann, T., Seiferth, N. Y., Reske, M., Backes, V., et al. Psychol. (2011). Following previous literature (Yudes et al., 2011; Dong and Xie, 2014), we compared two categories of the WCST results: global performance and local performance. Front. 34, 302–312. In the current study, as all participants were college students and had no working experience, we adopted their parents’ education level as scores for SES. Two groups of bilinguals who differed in L2 proficiency and two groups who differed in language switching experience (interpreting experience) were compared. These results indicate that there were differences among the three conditions of the Flanker task, but the differences were similar across groups. Without a sufficient level of language proficiency (especially for L2, usually the non-dominant language), which is usually defined as having ability to communicate in both languages, bilingual advantage does not emerge. Contributions of bilingualism and public speaking training to cognitive control differences among young adults. doi: 10.1080/20445911.2014.924951, Eriksen, B. 31, 328–330. Res. Verreyt et al. It was not necessary or culturally acceptable to use it in daily communication. A reduced conflict effect indicates an advantage of inhibition in cognitive control. La psychologie a pour mission de rendre compte des grandes fonctions par lesquelles le système cognitif humain interagit avec son environnement et crée de celui-ci des représentations utilisables dans des conduites adaptées. The results suggest that different aspects of advantage may emerge at different stages of language acquisition when L2 proficiency improves, which indicates significant contribution of L2 proficiency to cognitive control enhancement. Res. Bilingual minds. These results altogether suggest that L2 proficiency has significant influence on cognitive control, but only in conflict monitoring, not in inhibition or mental set shifting. Two cognitive control tasks were adopted. l2 csd hep 2007 3. naissance de la psychologie cognitive 3.1 le contexte scientifique histoire de la psychologie scientifique la psychologie cognitive pr. The difference between their study and the current study lies in the fact that their study compared the differences between young adult monolinguals and bilinguals whereas the current study compared different bilingual groups, who differed in L2 proficiency. CM 3 de psychologie cognitive S1 L2 programme complet. Psychophys. Greenhouse-Gesser results of within-subject effects showed that there was a significant effect of condition, F(1.959,178.243) = 91.282, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.501. (2012) investigated how L2 proficiency played a role in distinguishing bilinguals’ performance in the cognitive control task. Cogn. Language selection in bilingual speech: evidence for inhibitory processes. Table 1 lists the details of the participants’ demographic characteristics across the three groups. Psychol. J. Exp. (2010). As all the participants were young adult Chinese native speakers, and they used Chinese as the only language in their daily life for communication, their L1—Chinese was considered homogenous (although there might be variations) so we did not test their L1 verbal fluency. Cependant, pour certains, la psychologie cognitive pourrait se fondre dans la neuroscience cognitive dont les techniques d'imagerie cérébrale permettraient, à terme, de dépasser l'obsédant problème du dualisme cerveau–esprit. On the time course of exogenous cueing effects in bilinguals: higher proficiency in a second language is associated with more rapid endogenous disengagement. Acta Psychol. Projet de loi de programmation pluriannuelle de la recherche (LPPR) Suite à l'annonce le 1er février par le Premier Ministre d'une loi de programmation pluriannuelle de la recherche, un collectif de 23 sociétés savantes couvrant la majorité des grands champs disciplinaires a lancé une consultation sur les attentes de la communauté académique vis-à-vis de cette loi. In the current study, there were three groups of un-balanced young adult Chinese-English bilinguals (N = 94, all females, 21.29 years old) who differed in L2 (English) proficiency. (2009) see this speed advantage as the impact of bilingualism on the monitoring process. However, few experiments reported bilingual advantage in inhibition, and even if there is advantage, it is more markedly pronounced in middle-aged and elderly bilingual groups (Hilchey and Klein, 2011). This research was supported by the Humanities and Social Sciences Fund of Jiangxi Higher Education (YY1528) and the Doctoral Fund from Jiangxi Normal University. Psychol. Participants would not go into the formal test unless they fully understood what to do. 2 . Moreover, the current study did not provide evidence for bilingual advantage in mental set shifting either. It is a unitary construct, but can be separated into different core elements, including inhibition, mental set shifting, updating and monitoring (Miyake et al., 2000). doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.034, Paap, K. R., and Greenberg, Z. I. This test is widely accepted as it is not affected by participants’ language background, culture and learnt knowledge. The influence of expertise in simultaneous interpreting on non-verbal executive processes. Some studies suggested that bilinguals must be better at inhibiting irrelevant information or response and thus have a better ability of inhibition or conflict resolution (i.e., Carlson et al., 2002; Bialystok et al., 2004; Carlson and Meltzoff, 2008; Costa et al., 2008; Crivello et al., 2016). Bilingualism aids conflict resolution: evidence from the ANT task. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.04.014, Prior, A., and Gollan, T. H. (2011). The effects of bilingualism on conflict monitoring, cognitive control, and garden-path recovery. Déchirures et manques sur le 1er plat. Bilingual experience and executive functioning in young children. La psychologie cognitive D’apres le livre Jacques Lecomte, "Maxi fiches - Psychologie« Dunod | 2008 | ISBN-10: N/A | ISBN-13: 9782100534838 Bilingualism 19, 489–503. They were distinctive in at least two ways. A bilingual advantage in task switching. This result actually echoes the idea claimed by Green (2011) that bilingual advantage is related closely to the bilingual language use ecology, which means the community context where bilingual speakers typically use their two languages may modulate cognitive control (Green, 2011; Green and Abutalebi, 2013). How does bilingualism improve executive control? Psychol. The picture of bilingual advantage will be more complete when more research is conducted (Bialystok, 2016). The current study investigates the influence of L2 proficiency on cognitive control among three matched groups of unbalanced Chinese-English bilinguals. However, the statistical differences between the highest and the middle L2 proficiency group and between the middle and the lowest L2 proficiency group were insignificant (but with a faster tendency for higher L2 proficiency bilinguals). (2013). 50, 940–967. Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: evidence from the Simon task. Moreover, language proficiency is not static but dynamic in nature. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00351.x, Bialystok, E., and Poarch, G. (2014). 7:560. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00560, Yang, H., Hartanto, A., and Yang, S. (2016b). The three groups differed significantly at ps < 0.001 in ANOVA analysis. They assessed three aspects of attention (sustained, selective and attentional switching), verbal fluency (letter and category), and L2 proficiency (by picture name verification task). Psychol. Flanker task was administered to measure conflict monitoring and inhibition, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) to measure mental set shifting. Bilinguals may be more efficient at going back and forth between congruent and incongruent trials, probably because bilinguals have the need to continuously monitor the appropriate language for each communicative context. In the test, there were four stimulus cards. Previous category errors indicate that participants continue sorting cards according to the previous category dimension despite feedback that the response is wrong, which also indicates that participants are not flexible enough to change the mental set to a new rule. Psychol. 17, 682–691. Bilingualism 11, 81–93. The two tasks were Flanker task and WCST, which were designed according to previous literature. Psychon. Natl. Mental set shifting is the executive function of shifting back and forth between multiple tasks, operations, or mental sets (Monsell, 1996). Psychol. Recent studies adopted different tasks that were described as requiring conflict monitoring and consistently showed bilingual advantage in conflict monitoring (i.e., Morales et al., 2015; Teubner-Rhodes et al., 2016). (2016) examined the influence of language switching experience and language proficiency on cognitive control through Flanker task and Simon task by including three groups of bilinguals who differed in L2 proficiency (Mean age = 20.7–21.7 years old): unbalanced bilinguals, balanced non-switching bilinguals, and balanced switching-bilinguals. The first dimension, knowledge of cognition, can be further divided into three types: personal, task, and strategy variables. *Correspondence: Zhilong Xie, collinthank@163.com; zhilongxie@jxnu.edn.cn, Front. TABLE 3. doi: 10.1007/s11682-009-9068-1. The result that highest L2 proficiency group performed faster than the lowest L2 proficiency group in the Flanker task is consistent with some previous studies, which Hilchey and Klein (2011) summarized as bilingual advantage on both congruent and incongruent trials. (2011). (2004), Tamil-English bilinguals, Cantonese-English bilinguals, and English-French bilinguals performed faster than English monolinguals in both congruent and incongruent conditions of the Simon task. Publications clés . Couverture salie avec des pliures. TABLE 2. When the tail counts: the advantage of bilingualism through the ex-gaussian distribution analysis. Our argumentation is that, since so, if cognitive control differences can be found among young adult bilinguals, it is more convincing to say that language proficiency affects cognitive control. Trials that fell above three standard deviations of the overall mean for each subject in each condition were eliminated, accounting for 2% of the total responses. (2015). doi: 10.1073/pnas.0809747106, Olsen, R. K., Pangelinan, M. M., Bogulski, C., Chakravarty, M. M., Luk, G., Grady, C. L., et al. Cet article traite des apports de la psychologie cognitive au domaine de la didactique des langues secondes. Morales, J., Padilla, F., Gomez-Ariza, C. J., and Bajo, M. T. (2015). 2019/2020 0. Dev. J. Neurolinguist. The course is designed to provide an advanced, research-oriented program in Neuro-Cognitive Psychology, an emerging field at the intersection of Experimental Psychology and the Cognitive Neurosciences.. Acta Psychol. Research has suggested that metacognition is composed of three general dimensions: knowledge of cognition, regulation of cognition, and the use of compensatory strategies when cognition fails. Observer et mesurer lesconséquences dela manipulation sur les comportements des participants 4… By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Received: 15 June 2017; Accepted: 12 March 2018;Published: 27 March 2018. Welcome to the accredited Elite Master Program in Neuro-Cognitive Psychology at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich! The differences in mental set shifting (switching) was also found between different bilingual populations who had intensive language switching or interpreting experience. Psychol. Dev. Classes in translating and interpreting produce differential gains in switching and updating. However, the Flanker results showed faster performance for the highest L2 proficiency group relative to the lowest L2 proficiency group in all conditions (incongruent, neutral, and congruent), which reflects better ability of conflict monitoring. Cogn. Mem. Bull. Speech Lang. Some studies, however, reported null effects of language proficiency in enhancing cognitive control. In the computerized task programmed by E-prime 2.0, there were 12 trials in the practice block and 128 formal trials in the experimental block. Notes de cours de psychologie en ligne : psychologie sociale, psychologie clinique, psychologie du développement, psychologie cognitive, psychologie ergonomique, cours de méthodes de la licence 1 à la licence 3 Tous les cours de psychologie en une simple recherche Psychol. After pressing the button, participants would receive feedback of “correct” or “incorrect” for 1000 ms. After a few trials (from 5 to 9), the implied sorting rule would change (but participants did not know). However, in the current study, the highest (or higher) L2 proficiency group did not outperform the lowest (or lower) L2 proficiency group in inhibition (which is reflected by the Flanker effect—RT differences between congruent and incongruent trials). Gender differences in cognitive control: an extended investigation of the stop signal task. A., Castillo, A., Fuentes, L. J., et al. Rev. Bilingualism 18, 39–40. Cortex 69, 265–278. 70, 636–644. Sci. When measuring language proficiency, a subjective self-rating test and an objective verbal fluency test were used for the current research. In each trial, there was a fixation of “+” for 1000 ms before the stimulus cards (upper position) and the response card (central position) appeared. cognitive psychology bilişsel psikoloji cognitive psychology ne demek. 143, 233–262. The results showed that the influence of L2 proficiency was not significant whereas the influence of language switching experience was significant. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.859, Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I., Klein, R., and Viswanathan, M. (2004). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Psychol. Following the design in Dong and Xie (2014), the task was computerized and programmed by E-prime 2.0. Bilingualism 1, 67–81. The reason may lie in the fact that when language proficiency improves (particularly L2), other confounding factors may work together to affect cognitive control. The results showed that both the L1 and the L2 public speaking groups performed faster than the monolingual group and the control bilingual group. 2:309. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00309, Keywords: L2 proficiency, cognitive control, unbalanced Chinese-English bilinguals, bilingual advantage, conflict monitoring, Citation: Xie Z (2018) The Influence of Second Language (L2) Proficiency on Cognitive Control Among Young Adult Unbalanced Chinese-English Bilinguals. la psychologie cognitive( pdf - studylibfr la psychologie cognitive ( pdf. If we understand how differences in bilinguals affect the abilities of cognitive control across different bilingual groups, we can better understand the nature of bilingual advantage. La psychologie cognitive est née à la fin des années 1950 de la contribution de divers intellectuel du monde de la philosophie, de la psychologie et de la psychanalyse. In order to find out whether there are differences across different conditions and whether there are differences across different groups, we conducted an ANOVA of general linear model analysis by using repeated measures with group (3 groups) as between-subject variable and condition (3 conditions) as within-subject variable. L'auteure étudie dans quelle mesure ces principes peuvent non seulement enrichir le contenu des cours de L2 au niveau universitaire mais aussi encourager la création de cours de m6thodologie pour faciliter ! doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.001, Costa, A., Hernandez, M., and Sebastian-Galles, N. (2008). As both the two language representations are activated and in competition (Kroll et al., 2008), in order to successfully use the target language, bilinguals need to adopt a language control mechanism to monitor and/or inhibit the non-target language (Green, 1998; Green and Abutalebi, 2013), which depends at least partly on cognitive control in general (non-linguistic) domain (Abutalebi and Green, 2007). More importantly, there were significant performance differences across groups. However, there are some differences, starting with the fact that CBT is a part of many different types of … The proficiency self-reports were composed of four aspects: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Paap and his colleagues argue that there is no coherent evidence for bilingual advantage, so bilingual advantage either does not exist or is restricted to very specific circumstances (Paap and Greenberg, 2013; Paap et al., 2015). “Control of mental processes,” in Unsolved Mysteries of the Mind: Tutorial Essays in Cognition, ed. |, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Foreign Languages College, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China. Firstly, we used a subjective self-rating language proficiency Likert scale (1–10) to measure participants’ L1 and L2 proficiency, which is widely used in bilingual research and is significantly correlated with objective measures of language proficiency (Marian et al., 2007). How can we interpret these inconsistent findings? Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. doi: 10.1002/icd.298, Colzato, L. S., Bajo, M. T., van den Wildenberg, W., Paolieri, D., Nieuwenhuis, S., La Heij, W., et al. 11, 73–92. We distinguished the groups into three levels according to their performance in the category verbal fluency test. (2014). Contributions of inhibitory control and working memory. In this way, a long-term bilingual language experience may enhance general cognitive control. The category verbal fluency test was an objective indicator of vocabulary size in the tested language (Bialystok et al., 2009). Front. The flanker effect reflects the time needed to resolve the conflict between the target and the flankers. Perseverative errors can be further divided into perseverations to the immediately preceding category, which is called previous category errors, and perseverations to a different category, which is called different category errors. Psychol. Subjects' writing samples were evaluated holistically; further evaluation determined compositional and grammatical proficiency. Firstly, we calculated the response time differences between incongruent trials and congruent trials as indicator of Flanker effect in cognitive control (Bialystok et al., 2008; Costa et al., 2009, 2008).

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